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This makes a whole lot of our code simpler, and makes it so that
CircMgr and DirMgr no longer need to have anything parameterized
over transports, either.

Instead of boxing Transport inside of ChanMgr, I've made a new
Connection trait that goes from a ChanTarget* straight to a Channel.
This lets us avoid having to box the intermediate TLS object.

[*] Actually, a copy of the information from a ChanTarget. Ick, but
I had to make a copy to avoid parameterizing
Connecter::build_channel.

previously, we would panic.

It was recording the dirport for each chutney authority as though it
were an orport.  That obviously won't work.

Closes arti#45.

This follows a three-phase process: We are either fetching
microdescriptors, waiting for the time to download the next
consensus, or fetching the next consensus and making it usable.

We can stop fetching microdescriptors for two reasons: by having no
more mds that we need to download, or by running out of time in
which the current consensus is usable.

Previously, we'd re-parse them from the database every time we got a
new consensus.

Rather than having the NetDir own its microdescs and consensus, give
it Arc<>s for them.  This way, we can do a shallow copy of a NetDir
to work around mutability issues that would otherwise make it hard
to add microdescs to a netdir on the fly.

This patch fixes a minor typo in the error case when looking for a
middle relay for a 3-hop circuit where the error message should say "No
middle relay found" and not "No exit relay found".

To be valid, a lifetime must have valid_after < fresh_until <
valid_until.

This required me to move the sqlite connection from a rwlock into mutex,
since it isn't actually Sync.

This lets us make AuthCert Send and Sync.

(We can't just subtract and sleep, since we should be at least
somewhat concerned about clock jumps.)