Upgrade Go to 1.23 for Windows, Linux, and Android

Previous discussion: https://bugs.torproject.org/tpo/applications/tor-browser-build/41267

The Go 1.22 series is now EOL.

Go 1.23 officially requires >= macOS 11, whereas Firefox (and therefore Tor Browser) requires >= macOS 10.15

For now, we will keep maint-14.0 on the latest Go 1.22, and we will upgrade main to Go 1.23 except for macOS which will stay on Go 1.22 until Firefox bumps the macOS minimum requirements.

To upload designs, you'll need to enable LFS and have an admin enable hashed storage. More information