Implement proposal 318: Limit protovers to 0..63

In brief: we go through a lot of gymnastics to handle huge protover
numbers, but after years of development we're not even close to 10
for any of our current versions.  We also have a convenient
workaround available in case we ever run out of protocols: if (for
example) we someday need Link=64, we can just add Link2=0 or
something.

This patch is a minimal patch to change tor's behavior; it doesn't
take advantage of the new restrictions.

Implements #40133 and proposal 318.