tor-dirserver: Implement request function
This commit adds two functions:
request_singlerequest_mutli
The first function implements downloading a tor_dirclient::Requestable
from a single authority, failing in the case of a failure.
The second function wraps the previous one in a retry loop, utilizing
the RetryDelay from tor-basic-utils in order to implement it in a
specification compliant fashion.
Besides, the error logging of tor-dirclient is also slightly improved in order to provide better error messages for the actual change of this MR.
Next steps: Original plan was to make this merge request a bit larger by already implementing a consensus download.
However, given that this also involves lots of (or at least some) changes to tor-netdoc, it is probably better to do that in a separate MR.