update Dockerfile, use containers.tpo instead of 0xacab

• Instead of using the Docker Hub ubuntu image, we use the bookworm images provided by TPA (thanks micah!)
• We install Go, libclang-dev, and cargo-ndk in the Docker image instead of making CI do this every time.
• Switch CI to using a build of the new Dockerfile that I did on my local machine (pending making the build-docker-in-CI step work again).

closes #71 (closed)