Fix various issues pointed out by Nick and Andrea.

- Document the key=value format.
- Constify equal_sign_pos.
- Pass some strings that are about to be logged to escape().
- Update documentation and fix some bugs in tor_escape_str_for_socks_arg().
- Use string_is_key_value() in parse_bridge_line().
- Parenthesize a forgotten #define
- Add some more comments.
- Add some more unit test cases.